|
Exposure
|
Organism
|
|
Exposure
to animals
|
|
Handling
turkeys, chickens, ducks or psittcine birds or their excreta
|
Chlamydia
psittaci
|
|
Exposure to birds in countries in which avian flu (influenza A/H5N1) has
been identified in birds |
Influenza A/H5N1 |
|
Handling
infected parturient cats, cattle, goats or sheep or their hides
|
Coxiella
burneti
|
|
Handling
infected wool
|
Bacillus
anthracis
|
|
Handling
infected cattle, pigs, goats or sheep or their milk
|
Brucella
spp
|
|
Insect
bite. Transmission from rodents and wild animals to laboratory workers,
farmers and hunters
|
Francisella
tularensis
|
|
Insect
bites or scratches. Transmission from infected rodents or cats to
laboratory workers and hunters
|
Yersinia
pestis
|
|
Contact
with infected horses (very rare)
|
Pseudomonas
mallei
|
|
Exposure
to mice or mice droppings
|
Hantavirus
|
|
Tick
bite
|
|
|
Geographical factors
|
|
Immigration
from or residence in countries with high prevalence of TB
|
M.
tuberculosis
|
|
N.
America. Contact with infected bats or birds or their excreta. Excavation
in endemic areas
|
Histoplasma
capsulatum
|
|
South-west
USA
|
Coccidiodes
species
|
|
USA.
Inhalation of spores from soil
|
Blastomyces
dermatitidis
|
|
Asia,
Pacific, Caribbean, N. Australia. Contact with local animals or
contaminated skin abrasions
|
Burkholderia pseudomallei
|
|
Host
factors
|
|
Diabetic
ketoacidosis
|
Strep.
pneumoniae, S. aureus
|
|
Alcoholism
|
Strep.
pneumoniae, S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae,
oral anaerobes,
M. tuberculosis, Acinetobacter
spp. |
|
Chronic
obstructive lung disease
or smoking |
Strep.
pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Chlamydia
pneumoniae, Legionella
spp.,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
Sickle
cell disease
|
Strep.
pneumoniae
|
|
Pneumonia
complicating whooping cough
|
Bordatella
pertussis
|
|
Pneumonia
complicating influenza
|
Strep.
pneumoniae, S. aureus
|
| Pneumonia
severe enough to necessitate artificial ventilation
|
Strep.
pneumoniae, Legionella
spp.
S. aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, enteric Gram
negative bacilli, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, viral
infection, endemic fungi
|
| Nursing
home residency
|
Treat as healthcare associated
pneumonia |
| Poor
dental hygiene
|
Anaerobes
|
| Suspected
large volume aspiration
|
Oral anaerobes, Gram negative enteric bacteria
|
| Structural
disease of lung (eg bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis)
|
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, S. aureus
|
|
Lung abscess |
Community acquired methicillin resistant S.
aureus, oral anaerobes, endemic fungi, M. tuberculosis, atypical
mycobacteria |
|
Endobronchial obstruction |
Anaerobes, Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus |
| Intravenous
drug addict
|
S.
aureus,
anaerobes,
M. tuberculosis, Strep. pneumoniae
|
|
Others
|
|
Epidemic
|
Mycoplasma
pneumoniae,
influenza
virus
|
|
Air-conditioning
cooling towers, hot tubs or hotel or cruise ship stay in previous 2 weeks |
Legionella
pneumophilia
|
|
Presentation of multiple cases over a very short period of time |
Bioterrorism agents: Bacillus anthracis, Franciscella tularensis,
Yersinia pestis |
|
Influenza epidemic |
Influenza, S. aureus, Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenzae |
