|
| |
Pharmacokinetic data for antibacterials commonly used in
Intensive Care in patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy.
Values in parentheses indicate the no. of patients. Pharmacokinetic data are
steady-state data unless otherwise stated. AN69=acrylonitrile; CAVH=continuous
arteriovenous hemofiltration; CAVHD=continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis;
CAVHDF=continuous arteriovenous hemodiafiltration; Clcr=creatinine clearance;
Clurea=urea clearance; CRRT=continuous renal replacement therapy; CT=cellulose
triacetate; CVVH=continuous venovenous hemofiltration, CVVHD=continuous
venovenous hemodialysis; CVVHDF=continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration; ECMO=extracorporeal
membrane oxygenation; ESRD= end stage renal disease; hr=hour; N/A=not available;
NI=not interpretable; NS=not specified; PA=polyamide; PAN=polyacrylonitrile;
PMMA=polymethylmethacrylate; post=postdilution; pre=predilution; PS=polysulfone;
pts=patients; Sc=sieving coefficient; Sd=saturation coefficient; U/O=urine
output.
Aminoglycosides
| Drug |
Mode of CRRT (no.
of patients) |
Residual renal
function |
Volume of
distribution |
Non-CRRT clearance
(ml/min) |
Membrane/
surface area |
Sc (pre) |
Sc (post) |
Sd |
Dose recommended by
authors |
Total effluent rate
(range unless otherwise specified) |
Remarks |
|
Amikacin |
CVVH (5) |
Anuric |
35±7.5 L |
22.6 ml/min |
PS/0.6m2 |
NS |
NS |
N/A |
NI |
Mean 1.2 L/h |
|
|
Amikacin |
CVVHDF (6) |
NS |
0.47±0.08
L/kg |
NS |
AN69/NS |
NS |
NS |
0.62±0.2 |
10 mg/kg 48 hourly |
2 L/h |
|
|
Gentamicin |
CAVH (4) |
3 patients
U/O<572 ml/24h. 1 patient U/O NS |
0.36±0.09
L/kg |
9.55±9.82
ml/min |
PS/0.25m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
NS |
|
|
Gentamicin |
CAVHDF (5) |
Clcr=2.8
ml/min |
NS |
15.26±7.09ml/min |
PAN/0.43m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
NS |
NS |
Post-dilution |
|
Netilmicin |
CVVHDF (6) |
Clcr=22.3±6.2 ml/min |
24.92±5.96
L |
NS |
AN69/0.6m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
150mg 12 hourly does
not provide effective peak levels |
0.6-2.2 L/h |
Post-dilution |
|
Tobramycin |
CAVH (4) |
2 patients anuric. 2
patients U/O<32 ml/24h |
0.28±0.08
L/kg |
6.83±3.22
ml/min |
PS/0.25m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
NS |
|
| Drug |
Mode of CRRT (no.
of patients) |
Residual renal
function |
Volume of
distribution |
Non-CRRT clearance
(ml/min) |
Membrane/
surface area |
Sc (pre) |
Sc (post) |
Sd |
Dose recommended by
authors |
Total effluent rate
(range unless otherwise specified) |
Remarks |
Carbapenems
| Drug |
Mode of CRRT (no.
of patients) |
Residual renal
function |
Volume of
distribution |
Non-CRRT clearance
(ml/min) |
Membrane/
surface area |
Sc (pre) |
Sc (post) |
Sd |
Dose recommended by
authors |
Total effluent rate
(range unless otherwise specified) |
Remarks |
| Ertapenem |
No data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Imipenem |
CVVH (6) |
2 anuric patients. 4
patients U/O<43ml/24h |
0.36±0.10 L/kg |
109±24 ml/min |
AN69/ 0.6 m2 |
N/A |
1.21±0.11 |
N/A |
1-1.5 g/day (MIC≤ 2 mg /l); ≥2 g/day
(MIC 4-8 mg /l) |
0.78-1.44 L/h |
|
| Imipenem |
CVVHDF (6) |
2 anuric patients. 4
patients U/O<135ml/24h |
0.37±0.13 L/kg |
120±32 ml/min |
AN69/ 0.6 m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
1.28±0.17 |
1-1.5 g/day (MIC≤ 2 mg /l); ≥2 g/day
(MIC 4-8 mg /l) |
2.0-2.4 L/h |
|
| Imipenem |
CVVH (7) |
NS |
0.33±0.09 L/kg |
NI |
PS/0.25m2 |
Route of dilution NS |
N/A |
0.5 g 6-8
hourly |
1 L/h |
|
| Imipenem-cilastin |
CAVH (6) |
2 anuric patients. 4
patients U/O<350ml/24h |
Imipenem: 0.29±0.03L/kg Cilastatin:
0.27±0.07L/kg |
Imipenem: 108.5
±29.6 ml/min, Cilastatin: 20.6±30.3 ml/min |
PS/NS |
1.16/0.7
Route of dilution NS |
N/A |
NS |
0.24-7.9 L/h |
|
| Imipenem-cilastin |
CVVH (12) |
10 anuric patients.
2 patients U/O=200ml/8hr |
Imipenem: 24.3±7.7 L, Cilastatin:
19.6±7.3 L |
Imipenem: 90.8±26.3
ml/min, Cilastatin: 13.2±13.9 ml/min |
AN69/NS |
Imipenem: 1.2±0.1, Cilastatin:
0.8±0.2. Route of dilution NS |
N/A |
0.5 g daily |
1.1-1.2 L/h |
|
| Imipenem-cilastin |
CVVHD (6) |
Anuric |
Imipenem: 0.37±0.16 L/kg, Cilastatin:
0.26±0.09 L/Kg |
Imipenem: 70.6±18.1
ml/min, Cilastatin: 18.0±9.9 ml/min |
PAN/0.5 m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
0.5 g each of imipenem and
cilastatin 12 hourly |
1.26-1.38 L/h |
|
| Imipenem-cilastin |
CAVH or CAVHDF (8) |
NS |
NS |
NS |
AN69/ 0.6 m2 |
Imipenem: 1.05±0.19, Cilastatin:
0.68±0.08 |
N/A |
NS |
0.5g 12 hourly |
1-3 L/h |
|
| Meropenem |
CVVH (9) |
Anuric |
0.36±0.07 L/kg |
94.0±26.9 ml/min |
PS/0.43m2 |
N/A |
1.09±0.10 |
N/A |
1g 8 hourly |
Mean±SD
2.7±0.4 L/h |
First dose pharmaco-kinetics |
| Meropenem |
CVVHDF (9) |
Anuric |
0.26±0.09 L/kg |
22.7 ml/min |
AN69/ 0.9m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
1g 12 hourly |
1.6-1.9 L/h |
|
| Meropenem |
CVVH (9) |
Clcr=1.3 ml/min |
12.4±1.8 L |
29.9±5.4 ml/min |
AN69/NS |
1.17±0.11.
Route of dilution NS |
N/A |
1
g daily |
1.1-1.15 L/h
|
|
| Meropenem |
CVVH (5) |
NS |
0.38±0.12 L/kg |
NI |
AN69/0.9m2 |
N/A |
0.95±0.03 |
N/A |
1 g 12 hourly |
1.0-2.0 L/h |
|
| Meropenem |
CVVHDF (5) |
NS |
0.31±0.08 L/kg |
NI |
AN69/0.9m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
0.92±0.08 |
1 g 12 hourly |
2.0-3.0 L/h |
|
| Meropenem |
CVVH (8) |
U/O<500ml/24h |
0.28±0.07 L/kg |
58.52±24.46 ml/min |
AN69/0.9m2 |
0.91±0.10 |
N/A |
500 mg 12 hourly |
1.6 L/h |
|
| Meropenem |
CVVHDF (7) |
Clcr=1.14 ml/min |
0.57±0.29 L/kg |
123.26 ml/min |
AN69/1.4m2 PS/0.9m2
|
N/A |
N/A |
AN69 0.76±0.15, PS 0.76±0.08 |
NS |
1.5-2.5 L/h |
Pre-dilution |
| Meropenem |
CVVH (4) |
Clcr =12.5±12.1 ml/min |
0.38±0.07 L/kg |
114.38±51.78 ml/min |
AN69/1.4m2 PS/0.9m2
|
AN69 0.80±0.15, PS 1.01 |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
2.0-2.5 L/h |
|
| Meropenem |
CVVHDF (3) |
Clcr =24.8±18.1 ml/min |
0.36±0.14 L/kg |
85.92±75.83 ml/min |
AN69/1.4m2 PS/0.9m2
|
N/A |
N/A |
AN69 0.82±0.14, PS 0.9 |
NS |
2.0-2.8 L/h |
Pre-dilution |
| Meropenem |
CVVHDF (6) |
NS |
Median (IQR) 32.3 (28.9-40.7) L |
NS |
PS/1.4m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
Median (IQR) 0.97 (0.87-1.05) |
Initial 0.5 g, then 2 g over 24 h by
continuous infusion |
1.4-2.4 L/h |
First dose pharmaco-kinetics |
| Meropenem |
CVVHDF (6) |
NS |
NS |
NS |
PS/1.4m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
Median (IQR) 0.89 (0.79-0.93) |
Initial 0.5 g, then 2 g over 24 h by
continuous infusion |
1.4-2.4 L/h |
|
| Meropenem |
CVVH (5) |
1 patient anuric. 4 patients U/O
<50ml/24h |
0.37±0.15 L/kg |
59±17.7 ml/min |
PAN/0.6m2 |
0.63±0.25.
Route of dilution NS |
N/A |
0.5 g 12 hourly |
1.5-1.8 L/h |
|
| Meropenem |
CVVHDF (12) |
10 patients anuric. 2 patients U/O
<180ml/24h |
0.49±0.16 L/kg |
46.96±29.61 ml/min |
AN69/0.9m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
0.65±0.25 |
750 mg 8 hourly or 1.5 g 12 hourly |
1.11-2.55 L/h |
Pre-dilution |
| Drug |
Mode of CRRT (no.
of patients) |
Residual renal
function |
Volume of
distribution |
Non-CRRT clearance
(ml/min) |
Membrane/
surface area |
Sc (pre) |
Sc (post) |
Sd |
Dose recommended by
authors |
Total effluent rate
(range unless otherwise specified) |
Remarks |
Cephalosporins
| Drug |
Mode of CRRT (no.
of patients) |
Residual renal
function |
Volume of
distribution |
Non-CRRT clearance
(ml/min) |
Membrane/
surface area |
Sc (pre) |
Sc (post) |
Sd |
Dose recommended by
authors |
Total effluent rate
(range unless otherwise specified) |
Remarks |
| Cefepime |
CVVH (2) |
Clcr=29 ml/min (1) |
0.65 L/kg |
NI |
AN69/ 0.9 m2 |
0.62 |
N/A |
N/A |
2 g 8 hourly |
1.0-2.1 L/h |
|
| Cefepime |
CVVHDF (2) |
Clcr <10 ml/min,
Clcr=35 ml/min |
0.6 L/kg |
NI |
AN69/ 0.9 m2, PS/1.4 m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
AN69 0.83, PS 0.97 |
2 g 8 hourly |
2.14-2.5 L/h |
Pre-dilution |
| Cefepime |
CVVH (5) |
U/O<155ml/24h |
0.46±0.14 L/kg |
23 ml/min |
AN69/ 0.6 m2 |
N/A |
0.86±0.04 |
N/A |
2-4 g daily |
0.54-1.14 L/h |
|
| Cefepime |
CVVHDF (7) |
U/O<67ml/24h |
0.34±0.1 L/kg |
21 ml/min |
AN69/ 0.6 m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
0.78±0.10 |
2-4 g daily |
1.78-2.35 L/h |
|
| Cefoperazone |
No data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cefotaxime |
No data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ceftazidime |
CAVHD (9) |
NS |
31.1±14.6 L (5) |
15.15 ml/min |
AN69/ 0.43m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
0.86±0.08 |
500 mg 12 hourly |
1-2 L/h |
|
| Ceftazidime |
CVVH (12) |
Anuric |
0.41±0.16 L/kg |
66.57±12.90 ml/min |
PS/0.7m2 |
N/A |
0.69±0.18 |
N/A |
2 g 8 hourly (MIC<4 mg/L);
3 g 8 hourly (MIC=8 mg/L) |
Mean±SD
2.82±0.42 L/h |
|
| Ceftazidime |
CVVH/
CVVHD (8) |
Clcr<20ml/min |
N/S |
N/S |
AN69/ 0.6 m2,
PMMA/2.1 m2, PS/ 0.65 m2 |
AN69: 0.97±0.11, PMMA:0.80±0.19,
Polysulfone: 0.97±0.13. (No replacement fluid given) |
N/S |
Initial 1 g, then 250-500 mg 12
hourly |
CVVH 0.5-1 L/h
CVVHD 0.5-2 L/h |
|
| Ceftazidime |
CVVHDF (7) |
Clcr≤5mL/min |
0.25±0.09 L/kg |
28.9±5.6 ml/min |
AN69/ 0.6 m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
0.81±0.11 |
Initial 2 g, then 3 g daily by
continuous infusion |
2.5 L/h |
Pre-dilution |
| Ceftazidime |
CVVHDF (2) |
Clcr=0 mL/min |
0.46 L/kg |
24.95 ml/min |
AN69/ 0.9 m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
0.9 |
NS |
1.5-2 L/h |
Pre-dilution |
| Ceftazidime |
CVVH (7) |
U/O<400ml/12h |
NS |
NS |
CT/1.9m2 |
0.87±0.46.Route of dilution NS |
N/A |
NS |
Mean±SD
25±7 ml/kg/h |
|
| Ceftriaxone |
CVVH
(6) |
Clcr
<10 ml.min |
0.42±0.21 L/kg |
22.7±19.1 ml/min |
PA/1.4m2 |
N/A |
0.69±0.39 |
N/A |
2g daily |
1.2-1.8 L/h |
Not recommended in patients receiving calcium containing solutions |
| Ceftriaxone |
CVVH
(5) |
ESRD |
NS |
NS |
AN69/0.6m2 |
0.48±0.13. No replacement fluid administered |
N/A |
NS |
0.5-1
L/h |
| Ceftriaxone |
CVVH
(5) |
ESRD |
NS |
NS |
PMMA/2.1m2 |
0.86±0.33. No replacement fluid administered |
N/A |
NS |
0.5-1
L/h |
| Ceftriaxone |
CVVH
(5) |
ESRD |
NS |
NS |
PS/0.65m2 |
0.82±0.22. No replacement fluid administered |
N/A |
NS |
0.5-1
L/h |
| Cefuroxime |
CAVHD (12) |
NS |
22.8±9.2 L |
1.5 ml/min |
AN69/ 0.43m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
0.90±0.33 |
500-750 mg 12 hourly |
1-2 L/h |
|
| Cefuroxime |
CAVH (3) |
Clcr<1mL/min |
21±2.5 L |
21±6.6 ml/min |
PS/0.6m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
N/A |
Initial 1.5 g, then 750 mg 20-24
hourly |
Mean±SD
0.85±0.11 L/h |
Not critically ill |
| Drug |
Mode of CRRT (no.
of patients) |
Residual renal
function |
Volume of
distribution |
Non-CRRT clearance
(ml/min) |
Membrane/
surface area |
Sc (pre) |
Sc (post) |
Sd |
Dose recommended by
authors |
Total effluent rate
(range unless otherwise specified) |
Remarks |
Glycopeptides
| Drug |
Mode of CRRT (no.
of patients) |
Residual renal
function |
Volume of
distribution |
Non-CRRT clearance
(ml/min) |
Membrane/
surface area |
Sc (pre) |
Sc (post) |
Sd |
Dose recommended by
authors |
Total effluent rate
(range unless otherwise specified) |
Remarks |
|
Vancomycin |
CVVH (6) |
U/O<400ml/12h |
NS |
NS |
CT/1.9m2 |
0.71±0.19 |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
Mean±SD
32±9 ml/kg/h |
|
|
Vancomycin |
CVVH (5) |
End stage renal
failure |
N/A |
NS |
AN69/0.6m2,
PMMA/2.1m2, PS/0.65m2 |
AN69:
0.70±0.15, PMMA: 0.86±0.16, PS: 0.68±0.19 |
N/A |
Initial 15-20 mg/kg
then 0.55-1.25 g daily (Clcr<20 ml/min) |
0.5-1 L/h |
|
|
Vancomycin |
CVVHDF (10) |
NS |
49.7±29.1 L |
NI |
AN69/NS |
N/A |
N/A |
0.70±0.10 |
450 mg 12 hourly
|
3 L/h |
Pre-dilution |
|
Vancomycin |
CVVH (10) |
Anuric |
0.55±0.12 L/kg |
16.2±7.0 ml/min
(range 3.8-23.3) |
PS/0.25m2 |
NS |
NS |
N/A |
NS |
0.5-1.0 L/h |
|
|
Vancomycin |
CVVH (2) |
U/O£46ml/24h |
41.7 L, 55.8 L |
10 ml/min |
PAN/0.6m2 |
N/A |
0.88±0.03, 0.89±0.03 |
N/A |
Initial 15-20 mg/kg,
followed after 24 h by 250-500mg 12 hourly |
1.5 L/h |
|
|
Vancomycin |
CVVH (7) |
NS |
NS |
NS |
AN69/1.6m2 |
0.76±0.11 |
0.57±0.15 |
N/A |
500 mg 6 hourly or
1g 12 hourly |
6 L/h |
High- volume CVVH |
|
Teicoplanin |
CVVHDF (3) |
Clcr=2.41 ml/min |
1.23±0.77
L/kg |
7.84
ml/min |
NS |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
NS |
NS |
|
|
Teicoplanin |
CVVH (1) |
Clcr=35 ml/min |
NS |
NS |
AN69/0.9m2 |
0.13-0.17 |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
1-2 L/h |
|
|
Teicoplanin |
CVVHD (5) |
Clcr
5.8±2.7 ml/min |
0.93±0.42
L/kg |
NS |
AN69/0.6m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
800mg on day 1; 400
mg on days 2 and 3 then 400 mg 48-72 hourly |
0.96 L/h |
|
| Drug |
Mode of CRRT (no.
of patients) |
Residual renal
function |
Volume of
distribution |
Non-CRRT clearance
(ml/min) |
Membrane/
surface area |
Sc (pre) |
Sc (post) |
Sd |
Dose recommended by
authors |
Total effluent rate
(range unless otherwise specified) |
Remarks |
Penicillins
| Drug |
Mode of CRRT (no.
of patients) |
Residual renal
function |
Volume of
distribution |
Non-CRRT clearance
(ml/min) |
Membrane/
surface area |
Sc (pre) |
Sc (post) |
Sd |
Dose recommended by
authors |
Total effluent rate
(range unless otherwise specified) |
Remarks |
| Ampicillin |
No data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Amoxicillin
|
CVVH (12) |
U/O<400ml/12h |
Not specified |
Not specified |
CT/1.9m2 |
0.71±0.16. Route of dilution NS |
|
Not specified |
Mean±SD 29±7 ml/kg/h |
|
| Cloxacillin |
No data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Flucloxacillin |
CVVH (5) |
U/O<400ml/12h |
NS |
NS |
CT/1.9m2 |
0.33±0.34 (0.2 in 4 patients and
0.94 in 1 patient).
Route of dilution NS |
N/A |
NS |
Mean±SD
23±7 ml/kg/h |
|
| Flucloxacillin |
CVVH (10) |
Anuric |
0.54±0.43 L/kg |
106.9 ml/min |
PA/0.7m2 |
N/A |
0.21±0.09 |
N/A |
4 g 8 hourly |
Mean±SD
3.42±0.54 L/h |
|
| Naficillin |
No data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Oxacillin |
No data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Piperacillin |
CVVH (6) |
4 anuric patients. 2
patients U/O<400ml/24h |
0.48±0.24 L/kg |
NS |
PS/0.5m2 |
NS |
NS |
NS |
4 g 12 hourly |
0.76±0.20-0.88±0.18 L/h |
First dose pharmaco-kinetics. |
| Piperacillin |
CVVH (4) |
3 anuric patients.1 patient
U/O=220ml/24h |
0.14±0.07 L/kg |
NS |
PS/0.5m2 |
NS |
NS |
NS |
4 g 12 hourly |
0.50±0.08-0.72±0.14 L/h |
|
| Piperacillin |
CAVHD (12) |
Clurea;
18.4±2.3 mL/min |
25.8±3.8 L |
34.9±21.2 |
AN69/0.43 m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
0.71±0.21 |
150% of dose for anuric patients |
Mean±SD 1.22±0.09 L/h |
|
| Piperacillin-tazobactam |
CVVH (4) |
Clcr:8.67±2.31 mL/min |
Piperacillin:
21.0±11.7 L, Tazobactam: 18.9±7.1 L |
Piperacillin:
38.55, Tazobactam: 29.5 |
AN69/0.9 m2 |
Piperacillin:
0.42±0.25, Tazobactam: 0.76±0.26 |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
Mean±SD 1.63±0.47 L/h |
|
| Piperacillin-tazobactam |
CVVH (5) |
Clcr:
25.20±7.73 mL/min |
Piperacillin:
26.8±19.8 L, Tazobactam: 21.6±3.0 L |
Piperacillin:
78.4, Tazobactam: 46.3 |
AN69/0.9 m2 |
Piperacillin:
0.38±0.37, Tazobactam: 0.73±0.32 |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
Mean±SD 1.82±0.26 L/h |
|
| Piperacillin-tazobactam |
CVVHD (8) |
Anuric |
Piperacillin:
0.31±0.07 L/kg, Tazobactam: 0.24±0.09 L/kg |
Piperacillin:
49.5±60.1 ml/min,
Tazobactam:
23.7±14.9 ml/min |
AN69/ 0.6 m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
Piperacillin:
0.87±0.21, Tazobactam: 0.64±0.19 |
NS |
1.58-1.70 L/h |
|
| Ticarcillin-clavulanate |
CVVH (3) |
2 patients anuric. 1 patient
U/O>2L/day |
Ticarcillin:
0.26 L/kg (n=2, with ECMO), 0.25 L/kg(n=1, without ECMO), Clavulanate:
0.86 L/kg (n=2, with ECMO), 0.33 L/kg (n=1, without ECMO) |
Ticarcillin:
5.75ml/min (n=2, with ECMO), 40.83ml/min (n=1, without ECMO),
Clavulanate: 61.75ml/min (n=2, with ECMO), 186.8ml/min (n=1, without
ECMO) |
PS/0.25 m2 |
Ticarcillin:
0.72 (n=2, with ECMO), 1.06 (n=1, without ECMO), Clavulanate: 1.81 (n=2,
with ECOM), 1.44 (n=1, without ECMO), Route of dilution NS |
NS |
|
NS |
0.82-0.95 L/h |
Children (2 patients receiving
concomitant ECMO, 1 patient without ECMO U/O>2L/day) |
| Drug |
Mode of CRRT (no.
of patients) |
Residual renal
function |
Volume of
distribution |
Non-CRRT clearance
(ml/min) |
Membrane/
surface area |
Sc (pre) |
Sc (post) |
Sd |
Dose recommended by
authors |
Total effluent rate
(range unless otherwise specified) |
Remarks |
Quinolones
| Drug |
Mode of CRRT (no.
of patients) |
Residual renal
function |
Volume of
distribution |
Non-CRRT clearance
(ml/min) |
Membrane/
surface area |
Sc (pre) |
Sc (post) |
Sd |
Dose recommended by
authors |
Total effluent rate
(range unless otherwise specified) |
Remarks |
| Ciprofloxacin |
CVVH (5) |
1 patient anuric. 4 patients U/O≤155
ml/24hr |
1.12 L/kg |
72 ml/min |
AN69/0.6m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
0.67 |
400 mg daily |
0.54-1.26 L/h |
|
| Ciprofloxacin |
CVVHDF (5) |
2 patients anuric. 3 patients U/O≤90
ml/24hr |
0.96 L/kg |
125.2 ml/min |
AN69/0.6m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
0.63 |
400 mg daily |
1.84-2.24 L/h |
|
| Ciprofloxacin |
CVVHDF (6) |
NS |
1.56±0.35 L/kg |
NI |
AN69/NS |
N/A |
N/A |
0.70±0.13 |
300 mg12 hourly |
3 L/h |
Pre-dilution |
| Ciprofloxacin |
CVVH (16) |
U/O<400ml/12h |
NS |
NS |
CT/1.9m2 |
0.89±0.35.
Route of dilution NS |
N/A |
NS |
Mean±SD
27±5 ml/kg/h |
|
| Ciprofloxacin |
CVVHDF (1) |
NS |
NS |
NS |
PA/0.6m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
Mean ±SEM 0.5±0.067 |
NS |
Mean
1.91 L/h |
|
| Levofloxacin |
CVVH (12) |
Anuric |
4.3±1.8 L/kg |
NS |
PA/0.7m2 |
0.47±0.27.
Route of dilution NS |
N/A |
NS |
Mean±SD
3.2±0.9 L/h |
|
| Levofloxacin |
CVVH (4) |
1 patient anuric. 3 patients U/O≤40
ml/24h |
1.05 L/kg |
30.8 ml/min |
AN69/0.6m2 |
N/A |
0.62 |
N/A |
250 mg 24 hourly or
500 mg 48 hourly |
0.8-1.3 L/h |
|
| Levofloxacin |
CVVHDF (6) |
U/O≤128 ml/24h |
1.0 L/kg |
29.5 ml/min |
AN69/0.6m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
0.61 |
250 mg 24 hourly
500 mg 48 hourly |
2-2.4 L/h |
Post-dilution |
| Levofloxacin |
CVVHDF (6) |
Clcr<10ml/min (6) |
1.51±0.52 L/kg |
28.0±33.7 ml/min |
AN69/0.9m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
0.73±0.14 |
250 mg daily |
Mean 2.2 L/h |
Pre-dilution |
| Levofloxacin |
CVVH (6) |
Clcr<10ml/min |
1.42±0.42 L/kg |
32.2±27.5 ml/min |
AN69/0.9m2 |
0.79±0.14 |
N/A |
N/A |
200 mg daily |
Mean 1.2 L/h |
|
| Levofloxacin |
CVVH (4) |
Anuric |
1.02±0.66L/kg |
26.3±14.8 ml/min |
AN69/0.9m2 |
N/A |
0.98±0.06 |
N/A |
Initial 500 mg, then 250 mg daily |
1.3 L/h |
|
| Moxifloxacin |
CVVHDF (9) |
Anuric |
270±133 L |
291 ml/min |
AN69/0.9m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
0.84±0.16 |
400 mg daily |
2 L/h |
Pre-dilution |
| Drug |
Mode of CRRT (no.
of patients) |
Residual renal
function |
Volume of
distribution |
Non-CRRT clearance
(ml/min) |
Membrane/
surface area |
Sc (pre) |
Sc (post) |
Sd |
Dose recommended by
authors |
Total effluent rate
(range unless otherwise specified) |
Remarks |
Miscellaneous
| Drug |
Mode of CRRT (no.
of patients) |
Residual renal
function |
Volume of
distribution |
Non-CRRT clearance
(ml/min) |
Membrane/
surface area |
Sc (pre) |
Sc (post) |
Sd |
Dose recommended by
authors |
Total effluent rate
(range unless otherwise specified) |
Remarks |
|
Azithromycin |
No data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aztreonam |
No data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Clarithromycin |
No data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Clindamycin |
No data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Colistin |
CVVHDF (1) |
Multiple organ failure |
10.9L |
37.5 ml/min |
AN69/NS |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
Colistin methanesulfonate: 2-3 mg/kg
12 hourly |
3L/h |
Post-dilution
Data from a single patient |
|
Daptomycin |
CVVH (10) |
In vitro study |
N/A |
N/A |
PS/1.5m2,
AN69/0.9m2 |
PS:0.16-0.20;
AN69:0.14-0.16 |
N/A |
|
1-6 L/h |
In vitro
data |
|
Daptomycin |
CVVHD (10) |
In vitro study |
N/A |
N/A |
PS/1.5m2,
AN69/0.9m2 |
N/A |
N/A |
PS:0.15
AN69:
0.05-0.13 |
|
1-6 L/h |
In vitro
data |
|
Linezolid |
CVVH (2) |
U/O<200ml/24h |
0.485 L/kg |
NS |
AN69XT/1.65m2 |
0.57 |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
2-2.5 L/h |
|
|
Linezolid |
CVVH (2) |
Anuric |
1.02 L/kg |
36.8 ml/min |
PS/1.25m2 |
0.84 |
N/A |
N/A |
NS |
2 L/h |
|
|
Linezolid |
CVVH (7) |
Anuric |
0.69±0.11L/kg |
133.5±71.6ml/min |
PS/1.2m2 |
N/A |
0.77±0.09 |
N/A |
600 mg at least 12 hourly |
1.5-3.0 L/h |
|
|
Linezolid |
CVVH (13) |
Anuric |
0.56±0.14L/kg |
118.6±49.5ml/min |
PS/0.9m2 |
N/A |
0.69±0.12 |
N/A |
600 mg at least 12 hourly |
1.5-3.0 L/h |
|
|
Rifampicin |
No data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tigecycline |
No data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Drug |
Mode of CRRT (no.
of patients) |
Residual renal
function |
Volume of
distribution |
Non-CRRT clearance
(ml/min) |
Membrane/
surface area |
Sc (pre) |
Sc (post) |
Sd |
Dose recommended by
authors |
Total effluent rate
(range unless otherwise specified) |
Remarks |
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Gomersall, Tian Qi, Gavin Joynt, Ross Freebairn, Jeff Lipman March 2009
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